The Social Determinants Of Health Care System - 1087 Words

Culture is the shared beliefs, customs, practices, way of life and languages of a group or community of people. Cultural diversity refers to the differences between these. Australia is made up of many interconnected, culturally diverse societies and as our country grows, so does our cultural diversity. Our primary health care system is riddled with conflict based upon religion, ethnicity, culture and beliefs. All people from all cultures have the same potential for health and disease but it is the social determinants of health that shape the inequities within the Australian health care system. The definition of health is fluid, ever changing and carries different meanings across individuals, societies and cultures. Although it is difficult†¦show more content†¦In order to provide culturally safe and effective primary health care for all we must address the social determinants of health that result in health inequities across our population. Some of the key determinants of health inequities that are seen across most cultures are language, education, lack of appropriate health infrastructure, employment and racism. Primary health care is the first point of access and entry point into the Australian health care system. An effective primary health care system gives priority to those most in need and addresses health inequalities; maximises community and individual self-reliance, participation and control; and involves collaboration and partnership with other sectors to promote public health. (APHCRI, 2009 p.22) Health care providers need to be culturally competent and aware of the assumptions that their own culture makes in order to effectively provide health care services with cultural sensitivity. What we deem appropriate, may cause extreme discomfort for some and we often make these assumptions unknowingly. Effective and culturally appropriate communication is the first step in achieving equity of access to health care. Non-verbal cues such as hand gestures, eye contact, smiling and other mannerisms differ between cultures and often affect how successful your health care interaction will be. (Fanany, R. 2012, p.232) Indigenous Australians take

Informatics Solution Proposal - 1456 Words

Informatics Solution Proposal (Part Three): Areas of Evaluation Nicole Thomason, Anna Davis-Walker, Jacqueline Rankin, Lynda Venezia, and Rhonda Freeman HCS/482 October 26, 2015 Kevin Hamon Informatics Solution Proposal (Part Three): Areas of Evaluation With the increase in admission to bed times seen in multiple healthcare facilities across the nation, a need to have better access to the available hospital beds is a necessity. We are in agreement that an electronic bed tracking system is a viable option to help decrease this time length, thus allowing for better continuation of patient care. As a team we have picked two different companies and decided on criteria that staff and management can agree upon. We have looked at the†¦show more content†¦Patient information is transferred directly from registration or scheduling system interface which eliminates the need for redundant data entry. This solution allow health care facilities and systems to provide services that will enable quality care delivery, enhance patient flow, and ensure hospital operations are delivering the results the hospital needs. TeleTracking is a full resource solution package that integrates with just about any other system solution. The bed tracking provides for a method to monitor the entire patient flow. With this solution we can now determine the appropriate actions required to reduce bottlenecks and manage staffing requirements throughout the day. The combination of patient and room indicators along with the bed board features further improve placement and throughput by enabling patients to be assigned to specific beds that match their clinical requirements before they arrive or before the beds are even available. Versustech software solution has many advantages over other patient flow software because it drives efficiency by reducing time spent searching for people and assets. It tracks where patients are and how long they have been waiting. The big part of the solution utilizes RFID badges that would be issued to patients and caregivers, this allowsShow MoreRelatedHigh Technology Solutions For Preventable Problems1619 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract This paper will explore the focus of high-technology solutions to preventable problems the characteristics of the medical care culture that encourage the latter approach, describe how the ‘bottom line’ focus has changed the nature of the US health care system and lastly, state my views on the influences that the U.S. insurance industry has on the single payer system concept. High-technology solutions to preventable problems Medicine in the 21st Century has continuedRead MoreHealth Informatics Case Study817 Words   |  4 PagesOne-Page Project Brief Our team will utilize the intersection between health informatics and language translation in order to improve medical communication between English-speaking doctors and Spanish-speaking patients. We would like to use the Highlandtown Healthy Living Center Branch of the Baltimore Medical System as a pilot for a technology-based Medical Translation and Transcription Service. Currently, the Baltimore Medical System has five health centers that serve almost 45,000 patients inRead MoreCase Synopsis Of Langley Medical Health1700 Words   |  7 Pagesdelay in the implementation of phase II. Staff nurses and pharmacist collaborated to develop a costly proposal to replace all IV pumps with smart IV pumps. The proposal has received mixed reviews among clinical staff, the Chief Informatics Officer (CIO), and the director of pharmacy. The clinical staff argue there are other issues that warrant priority and suggest a hold be placed on all new proposals until phase II of the EHR is completed. While the CIO concurs with the need to implement safe medicationRead MoreStock Market Prediction Using Artificial Neural Networks And Regression Analysis871 Words   |  4 PagesArtificial Neural Networks and Regression Analysis Tyler T. Procko Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University TO: Professor Michael Perez, M.A., M.F.A. FROM: Tyler T. Procko DATE: 10/03/2016 SUBJECT: Analytical Report Proposal I. Purpose / Background / Audience: Relatively accurate prediction of multi-tiered, non-linear events has long been a difficult and time-consuming task to perform; forecasting the movement of securities on the stock market includedRead MoreAdoption Of A New Ehr1540 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent options for EHR vendors, different reference sources such as articles, Health Informatics textbook by Yoshihashi, current ranks of popular EHRs, provider comments/feedback, and Black Book Ranking of the top 20 EHR vendors will be reviewed. As Yoshihashi discusses in the Health Informatics textbook, researching current EHR options entail a comprehensive analysis. In a lecture called ‘Health Informatics: Acquiring a New Clinical Information System, First Steps’, Dr. Anita Ground also stressesRead MoreThe E Journal Of Health Informatics Essay814 Words   |  4 Pages The e-Journal of Health Informatics Accountable-eHealth Systems (eJHI) is an on-line journal dedicated to the advancement of health Information and information technology in healthcare. Based in Australian it is an international open access journal with a global readership. It’s target audience is a broad spectrum of health care providers including practitioners, administrators and information systems specialists. The journal site is user friendly. The site is simple and intuitive to use. It doesRead MoreInformation Management : An Organization1174 Words   |  5 Pagesmade POC- proof of concepts for the clients which is the proposal used to submit the client informing about the coverage to be provided according to the organization’s guideline. When asked about the reasons of the failure of the project during his role as a BA he mentioned that in the organization in which he was working some of the BA’s were experienced system analysts who were not comfortable with the business requirements and the solutions that were required to meet them. He also mentioned thatRead MoreThe Nurse s Performance During Their Handoff Report Essay881 Words   |  4 Pagesevidence-based practice, quality improvement approaches, and informatics.† (IOM, 2013). This paper analyzes an overview of nurse’s survey, direct observation on the BSR, a literature summary, nursing challenges and r ecommendations that might improve patient safety and quality of care. Purpose Statement The purpose of this BSR project is to assess the nurse’s performance during their handoff report and develop some strategically possible solutions that may improve a patient quality of care, safetyRead MoreInformation Technology : A Communication Problem With A Hardware Solution While Maintaining Existing Software1398 Words   |  6 Pagesalso adds a competitive value to an organization because patients have many options from which they can choose to receive care. In this report I will discuss how I (Informatics director) propose to solve a communication problem with a hardware solution while maintaining existing software. Our Facility has a need of wireless solutions that connects portable handheld devices to our main Electronic Medical Record system so our clinical staff may patient data. I believe this will improve our communicationRead MoreEMR Systems in Health Care: Assessment and Implementation1751 Words   |  7 Pageswithin five years, all of Americas medical records are computerized (Obama, 2009). Moving to an EMR system from a paper-based records system requires careful analysis, thorough assessment, and a competent implementation team. The selected EMR solution should meet the needs of the organizations specific clinical and business practices and improve workflows and overall patient outcomes. This paper addresses ways that organizations can determine EMR needs, conduct a proper assessment, and implement

Counseling Comprehensive Exam Counseling Comprehensive Exam Free Essays

Counseling Comprehensive Exam Counseling Comprehensive Exam (Comp Exam) †¢ Required for all counseling students (except for the 30-hour Human Services degree program and School Counseling) †¢ Graduation requirement Prerequisites †¢ COUN 501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506, 510, 512, 521, 522, 667 †¢ Hold a 3. 0 GPA †¢ Good standing in the program Two Part Exam †¢ CPCE – Counselor Preparation Comprehensive Exam †¢ Published by the CCE (Center for Credentialing Education, an affiliate of the National Board of Certified Counselors) †¢ Integration †¢ Specific to Liberty University Passing the Comp Exam Must pass BOTH parts †¢ Passing Scores †¢ CPCE: 67 out of 136 (version 100112) †¢ Integration: 14 out of 20 Retaking the Comp Exam †¢ Passed one part, failed one part †¢ Retake only the part you did not pass †¢ Failed both parts †¢ Retake both parts. CPCE – 8 Core Content Areas †¢ Human Growth Deve lopment †¢ Social and Cultural Foundations †¢ Helping Relationships †¢ Group Work †¢ Career Lifestyle Development †¢ Appraisal †¢ Research and Program Evaluation †¢ Professional Orientation Ethics †¢ 160 Multiple-Choice Questions †¢ 17 Questions per Content Area Integration †¢ We will write a custom essay sample on Counseling Comprehensive Exam Counseling Comprehensive Exam or any similar topic only for you Order Now com/theology-202-study-guide-1/"Integration of theology and psychology. Based on COUN 506 †¢ 20 Multiple-Choice Questions †¢ May be available on Blackboard by Spring 2013 Time Limit †¢ 4 Hours Test Fee †¢ COUN 670 and/or 671 will show on ASIST †¢ $45 charge on student account for the CPCE, each time you register. †¢ $0 charge for the Integration Maximum Number of Attempts †¢ Students may take the COMP EXAM no more than 3 TIMES. †¢ If unable to pass after 3 attempts, you will need to transfer into the 30-hour Human Services degree program to attain your Master’s degree. CPCE Study Tips †¢ No official study guide †¢ Any study materials developed for the NCE (National Counselor Exam) †¢ http://www. bcc. org/Exams/Study#NCE provides a list of study guides available for the NCE. †¢ Study Guide for the National Counselor Examination and CPCE [Spiral-Bound] by Andrew A. Helwig CPCE Additional Study Tips †¢ – Libe rty Counseling Comp Exam Facebook Study Group †¢ Encyclopedia of Counseling by Howard Rosenthal †¢ This reference is available as an e-book through Liberty’s Library and can be downloaded for 7 days. Integration Study Tips McMinn, M. R. (1996). Psychology, theology, and spirituality in Christian counseling. Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale House Publishers. ISBN: 0-8423-5252-X. Entwistle, D. N. (2004). Integrative approaches to psychology and Christianity. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN: 1-59244-799-6. Integration Study Guide – on our web page Exam Results †¢ You will be notified via email in 2-4 weeks Exam Dates †¢ Third Saturday of February, July, and October. †¢ End of COUN 667 Intensives scheduled throughout the year. Fall 2012 Exam Dates †¢ August 31st at 1:00 p. m. †¢ September 7th at 1:00 p. m. †¢ September 14th at 1:00 p. m. †¢ October 20th at 8:00 a. m. Registering for the Exam counselingcompexam@liberty. edu †¢ Email from your Liberty email account †¢ Your Name †¢ Student ID †¢ Requested Test Date †¢ At least 2 weeks in advance CPCE Off-Site Testing Send an email to counselingcompexam@liberty. edu for more information †¢ It may take as long as 6 months to 1 year to secure a site †¢ All off-site testing must be approved by CCE Testing Coordinator, Laura Hall †¢ The Integration Part will NOT be offered when you take the CPCE off-site. You will need to secure a proctor ODAS Office of Disability Academic Support †¢ LU Online Students: luoodas@liberty. edu †¢ Residential Students: wdmchane@liberty. edu Comp Exam Web Page †¢ www. liberty. edu †¢ Counseling in the search engine †¢ Click on the link for â€Å"Counseling Official Page† †¢ Click on the â€Å"Comprehensive Exam† Link Questions? How to cite Counseling Comprehensive Exam Counseling Comprehensive Exam, Essay examples

Development and Pollution Prevention †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Development and Pollution Prevention. Answer: Introduction: The concept of sustainable development has drawn good level of attention over the past century due to the declining condition of the environment. As mentioned by Leigh and Blakely (2016), the issue of sustainability has resulted in many arguments and debates over the topic. There has been various means of considering social and sustainable approach that would eventually lead to the economic development of a country. The problem with environmental degradation has increased in the recent time due to the excessive use of the natural resources. This has automatically leaded to the situation that would hamper the economy of the country. As commented by Sueyoshi and Yuan (2017), misuse of the environmental resources will deplete the environmental condition and at the same time will also degrade the economic condition of the country. The objective of this paper is to find out the relationship between the environmental sustainability and the economic development of a country. Focus will be m ade on the argument that whether by undertaking sustainable approach towards the environment will lead to better economic development of a nation. As pointed out by Hollander et al. (2016), the ecosystem of the earth is very fragile and it is the humans to contribute towards the decline of the ecosystem. According to the protocols framed at the time of joining countries to improve the quality of human life and to make the earth a better planet to live, humans are responsible for taking care of the earth and its resources. In fact, the economic condition of a country is largely depended on the availability of the natural resources in the particular country. According to Lyasnikov et al. (2014), sustainability should remain a part of the social responsibility and one should enforce sustainable development in order to improve the present condition of the environment. For instance, it has been found that David Henderson has expressed his view on the fact that sustainability is desirable or not (Jorgenson et al. 2014). On the other hand, in the UN Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, it has been observed that humans have certain range of intrinsic rights and to this, the right to the unsullied environment is equally important. In the International Forum on Globalisation, it has been proposed that it falls under the responsibility of human beings to look into a strict policy of sustainability and solve the problems related to it (Panayotou 2016). Thus, primarily, it should be the responsibility of every human in the society to undertake better approach for sustainability that would eventually improve the economic condition of the nation or the country as well. Sueyoshi and Yuan (2017) have also showed the connection between our dependence on the resources of the earth and its connection with the economy. Sueyoshi and Yuan (2017) commented that our life is largely depended on the resources of the earth like water, land and other natural resources buried under the earth. The profundity of the happiness gained through materialism and the economic growth of the nation results in the attainment of higher rate of GDP or higher profit in the business. The idea behind the concept that sustainability will lead to better economy of the country is that the resources of the earth is very limited and we are completely depended on the resources (Jorgenson et al. 2014). The economy of the country can only be improved if the resources are used in a proper and just manner. In addition to this, it should also be the concern of the people that one should leave the resources for the future generation as well (McLaughlin et al. 2014). It has to be understood t hat only when there will be availability of the resources, the nation can remain economically sustainable. The economic growth not only depends on the use of the resources for industrialisation or other developmental activities, but it also depends on how well the resources are being used. Consumerism needs to be reduced that would only help to improve the economic condition of the nation (Wheeler and Beatley 2014). According to the limitless economic growth counter sustainability, the economic growth is reinforced in a loop and it is more like a snowball that grows as it rolls down the hillside. The economic growth will eventually lead to success in terms of employment opportunity or technological excellence (Panayotou 2016). This will definitely require the resources of the country to facilitate the advancement of the environment. For example, people are facing challenges due to the increasing rate of global warming. People could not focus on the actual things that would lead to the growth of the country but they have to look out for the sustainability of the ecosystem (Jorgenson et al. 2014). This automatically hampers the productivity of the country leading to poor economic growth. In order to stick the balance between the two, it is required to consider the sustainability of the environment where people will be responsible for taking care of the ecological balance and the natural resources that are available in nature (Leigh and Blakely 2016). There has been development in the alternative resources and it has become easier for people to fulfil the need of the people but the economy of the country still remained in a turmoil condition. Conclusion: Detailed analysis has been carried on in the report on how sustainability of the environment can lead to economic development of country. It has been found that sustainability of the environment depends on how well the natural resources of a country are used. It has been found that when the resources are used in a more reliable and proper way, it provides better opportunity for improving the economy of a country. Thus, there is a direct relationship with the sustainability and the economy of a country. It is thus recommended that people should be more responsible towards the sustainability of the nature that would contribute towards the economic development of the country. References: Hollander, R., Amekudzi-Kennedy, A., Bell, S., Benya, F., Davidson, C., Farkos, C., Fasenfest, D., Guyer, R., Hjarding, A., Lizotte, M. and Quigley, D., 2016. Network priorities for social sustainability research and education: Memorandum of the Integrated Network on Social Sustainability Research Group.Sustainability: Science, Practice, Policy,12(1). Jorgenson, A.K., Alekseyko, A. and Giedraitis, V., 2014. Energy consumption, human well-being and economic development in central and eastern European nations: A cautionary tale of sustainability.Energy Policy,66, pp.419-427. Leigh, N.G. and Blakely, E.J., 2016.Planning local economic development: Theory and practice. Sage Publications. Lyasnikov, N.V., Dudin, M.N., Sekerin, V.D., Veselovsky, M.Y. and Aleksakhina, V.G., 2014. The national innovation system: the conditions of its making and factors in its development. McLaughlin, E., Hanley, N., Greasley, D., Kunnas, J., Oxley, L. and Warde, P., 2014. Historical wealth accounts for Britain: progress and puzzles in measuring the sustainability of economic growth.Oxford Review of Economic Policy,30(1), pp.44-69. Panayotou, T., 2016. Economic growth and the environment.The environment in anthropology, pp.140-148. Sueyoshi, T. and Yuan, Y., 2017. Social sustainability measured by intermediate approach for DEA environmental assessment: Chinese regional planning for economic development and pollution prevention.Energy Economics,66, pp.154-166. Wheeler, S.M. and Beatley, T. eds., 2014.Sustainable urban development reader. Routledge.

Should Animals Be Kept in Cages free essay sample

A cage is an enclosure used to confine or protect something. People nowadays keep animals in cages for entertainment and profit purposes. Some people say that caging the animals is a money-making gimmick and it is unethical as it deprives them of their freedom. However, there are other reasons, such as the importance of preserving the species to ensure it does not go into extinction, giving people a chance to appreciate wildlife that is impossible to find in a modern, commercialized city and protecting the human population from any threats caused by dangerous animals. Para 2 Keeping animals in cages increase the chances that they do not go into extinction. Gives future generations the chance to enjoy these wildlifes too. -Captive breeding for most animals, except for those that cannot survive in captivity, increases their population size. -Many skeptics criticize that keeping animals in enclosures cause them to lose their natural instinct. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Animals Be Kept in Cages? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hence lose their ability to hunt for food and die from starvation -But if they were to remain in the wild, there is a high chance that they would not survive. Eg. Global warming, change in climate-floods, droughts. Unable to adapt to the sudden change of environment. -They would also be protected from illegal poachers who hunt animals for their body parts -eg rhinoceros horn used in traditional Chinese medicine Para 3 People can also learn more about wildlife creatures that cannot be found in their country and gain knowledge about their plight. People can also learn more about these wildlife creatures and gain knowledge about their plight. -eg Singapore Zoo entertains visitors with animal shows which carry an educational message that it is important to protect these animals. People may be more cautious of their actions in the future. These animals, in the meantime, get all their basic necessities, from food to shelter and even medical checkups, improving their standard of living. -Besides, zookeepers are employed to cater to the needs of these animals, creating employment in the process. Para 4 -Some animals that invade into human settlements pose a threat, thus there is a need to keep these animals in cages to prevent any problems in the future. -For example, there was a case in the Malaysia that a reticulated python slithered into a house and consumed an infant. This shows that such animals should be caged as they are life-threatening creatures. -Many argue that caging up the animal deprives the animal of freedom and considered as a form of torture. Instead, they should be released back to the wild. However, they may come back without any warning, taking victims by surprise. Para 5 In conclusion, there is a need to keep animals in cages so as to save their species from extinction, give people a chance to appreciate wildlife and protect humans from animal threats. I feel that animals should be caged for meaningful purposes and not solely for money or cruel intentions. Animals are also living things, thus we must learn to respect and sympathize with them. Phoebe Su Jul 23, 2010, 11:03pm #2 Good job, whmcheryl. Your plan is very succinct and clear. I like it. But perhaps you want look at both sides of the problem. There are also a few problems which are brought about by keeping animals in cage. For example, as you say, whmcheryl: Keeping animals in cages increase the chances that they do not go into extinction. However, keeping them in cages, at the same time, deprives the animals from its natural habitats. And it leads to many serious consequences. For ex, the animal losses its natural instinct or becomes weaker and more vulnerable to diseases. And perhaps, you want to add in some suggestion. For example, instead of keeping them in the cages, we should keep them in a huge safari which provides a similar environment to their natural habitat. And there, different types of animals can interact with one and another. All the best to your essay.

Merger essays

Merger essays Hard evidence is what the Matsu*censored*a Vs Zenith was lacking. Zenith could not uncover enough evidence to prove that the Japanese firms had a conspiracy and were charging a predatory price. Zenith could not uncover the MC of the Japanese firms to find out if they were charging below MC. There were restrictions put up on imports by the Japanese government called check prices. This was designed to keep make sure the companies were not charging a predatory price. This does not mean the firms were ever charging below the check price. By offering a purchase discount the firms got around this issue. The Japanese government set up a five-company rule this meant that a Japanese firm could only sell to five other stores. Why would any company charge a predatory price in one market where they will lose money when they are making a large profit in another? The Japanese firms were collusively setting a price in Japan and making a ton of money. With all of this money they were making they could have used it as an investment to predatory price in the US. The Japanese firms will lose lots of money, but if they got rid of the American companies they could raise the price here to. Overall I have learned that this case is very complex case that lacked the hard evidence to convict the Japanese firms of conspiracy and predatory pricing. ...

Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Scholarship - Essay Example But all that changed when I met my present host family for the first time. There was a warm feeling of kindness and understanding from the moment we first met, and somehow they took me in, and treated me like they would treat their very own daughter. There was this instant feeling of connection, and I knew immediately that I was no longer alone. They helped me with English, and encouraged me to talk more and more in the language, urging me not to be shy, insisting that if I did not make mistakes, I would not learn. Slowly, all the chatter around me began to make sense, and it was a relief to be able to greet the people around me in a a language they understood. The family also encouraged me to take part in their life, and to understand the frank, welcoming American culture. In the course of my stay with them, I have been able to visit various American cities like Boston, New York, Kansas City, San Francisco and Los Angeles in their company. I have seen America like it actually is, and not as I saw it earlier on television, and my respect for this country has grown.

The Impact of Macro and Micro Environmental Factors on International B Case Study

The Impact of Macro and Micro Environmental Factors on International Business Activities - Case Study Example Macro environmental influences can better be explained by the use of the PESTEL framework. According to Johnson et al (2006), the PESTEL framework is a framework that can be used to categorise the factors that influence the business environment of an organisation into six main types including Political Influences, Economic influences, Technological influences, Socio-cultural Influences, Environmental influences, and Legal influences. The business environment of Inditex is indifferent as Inditex is affected by governmental laws, international laws, competition from other fashion distribution companies, change in interest rate, politics, technology (Dixon 2007) etc. Industria de Diseno Textil S.A (Inditex) together with its subsidiaries operates as a fashion distribution worldwide (Inditex Review 2008). The company's operations include various phases of the fashion process, such as design, manufacture, logistics and distribution to its own managed stores (Inditex Review 2008). The company offers eight commercial concepts including Zara, Pull, Bear, Massimo Donati, Besishka, Stradivarius etc. The company remains a strategic and a key player in the European fashion and distribution market. For example, despite the global economic crisis, the company announced flat same stores sales for 2008 (Inditex Review 2008). ... The company's operations include various phases of the fashion process, such as design, manufacture, logistics and distribution to its own managed stores (Inditex Review 2008). The company offers eight commercial concepts including Zara, Pull, Bear, Massimo Dolti, Besishka, Stradivarius etc. The company remains a strategic and a key player in the European fashion and distribution market. For example, despite the global economic crisis, the company announced flat same stores sales for 2008 (Inditex Review 2008). However, as part of the mega-environment in which the company depends on to effectively carry out its activities, the creator of the Zara fashion chain is not impervious to the global recession (Inditex Review 2008). 2.0 The PESTLE Framework According to Dixon (2007), the PESTLE framework is a way to understand the industry's external environment, which includes Political, Economic, and Social and Technological analysis. These factors will influence company long-term decisions in an industry. Today's business environment is increasingly becoming more turbulent, chaotic and challenging than ever before and to survive, it is vital that a firm can do something better than its competitors ( Wonglimpiyarat 2004:1). Globalization has not only altered the nature and the intensity of competition but has had to dictate and shape organisations in terms of what consumers want, how and when they want it and what they are prepared to pay for it (Hagan 1996:1). Kanter (1995:71) on his work of "Mastering Change" argues that success in the present day business is not for those companies that re-engineer the way they do things, or for those fixing the past. According to Kanter (1995), such an action will not constitute an adequate response. This is so because success is based on an organization’s ability to create, rather than predict the future by developing those products that will literally transform the way the world thinks and view itself and the needs.     

Worldwide trade.The advantages and disadvantages of free trade and the Research Paper

Worldwide trade.The advantages and disadvantages of free trade and the relative comparisons to fair trade - Research Paper Example Free trade is an economic concept in which trade between nations is opened up so that regulatory issues are minimized and equal opportunities for imports and exports can be experienced. The concept of free trade is dependent upon the idea that fairness will be established for those involved. However, there is a difference between free and fair, corporations finding ways to best exploit the lack of regulation in order to achieve the highest level of profit from the exploitation of resources. Free trade opens up the borders so that the movement of goods can flow back and forth so that maximum growth of a nations industry can be achieved. Free trade is established with the idea that fair competition exists, a mythological economic model in which all parties act in the best interests of all the stakeholders. However, free trade does have genuine benefits in creating an increase in industry in nations that are struggling to establish growth. When trade exists in a state where resources ar e more well utilized and allocated for the exchange on a global level, a healthier overall economy can be achieved. There are controversies, however, that come from the realities of free trade. People in the United States who are not in support of free trade fear it because they believe it represents losses in jobs and in industry through competition with nations who do not hold the same wage and environmental standards that are expected within the U.S. Defining Free Trade Free trade exists when respective governments allow trade across borders with very limited governmental interference. In a mutually beneficial agreement, the traders will find that they have comparative advantage and will achieve gains from the trade that have benefit for both parties. Supply and demand are the barometers from which the measurements of the amount of trade is divined. Free trade is a reflection of a global economy, each of the regions of the world benefiting from open borders where the exports and imports create better pricing. While this is the hope of free trade, this is not always the result. According to Irwin (2009), â€Å"Growing world trade has helped lift standards of living around the world, and yet today†¦free trade does not win many popularity contests† (p. 1). Free trade creates fears and insecurities about the availability of jobs and the sale of goods. When Japan rose in prominence as a dominating force in manufacturing during the 1980’s, there was a fear that the competition would wipe out a consecutive stream of businesses within the United States. Japan was competing successfully in the sale of everything from automobiles to super computers, diminishing the power that the United States had gained over innovation and industry in the previous decades. In the 21st century, that worry has been shifted to India and China. India is dealing in labor as industry is taking white collar jobs into that country due to the lower wages while China is exc elling at manufacturing, creating product that is far cheaper than can be created in the United States. One of the primary agreements that frames free trade in association with the United States is NAFTA, the North American Free Trade Agreement. This agreement allows for free trade among Mexico, Canada, and the United States. The fears that were most associated with the agreement when it was signed in 1993 was that jobs would flow south into Mexico. However, the advantage to NAFTA was in abolishing the high tariffs that Mexico had imposed on exports, while the low import tariffs that the United States had maintained were insignificant (Irwin 2). This allowed for products to be exported from the United States into Mexico and increase trade flow southward. NAFTA According to Hufbauer and Schott (2005), NAFTA has been a tremendous success, trade

Social Needs of a Child

Social Needs of a Child From the time our children are born we work with them on getting along with others. Children need to learn how to communicate with others, how to problem solve, and morals. A good place for children to learn these steps is at home with the family. When there is a healthy family relationship the child will develop greater social skills. One thing that a family can work on is to promote good communication. This can be done by just sitting around the dinner table and holding conversations. The parent needs to talk to the child as well as listen to what the child has to say. This helps to develop the childs communication skills and teaches them how to communicate with others. Another thing that families can work on at home is problem solving skills. This can be done by guidance from the parent. The parent can help point out what the problem is and they can think of different ways to solve the problem. After they have come up with different ways to solve the problem the child (with the parents direction) can evaluate the solution and then come up with a plan to solve the problem. This is also another way that the parent can work on communication skills with the child. When families attend church they learn about different types of morals. However, not everyone has to go to church to learn morals. The parents can teach these at home through example. When the parents are living a clean, good moral life it is showing the child how to live a good clean moral life. It is important for the parent to set good examples so the child has them to follow. The examples the child will learn from are by the parents interactions with other (i.e. the verbal and non-verbal communication with others), by how the parent treats the child, and through observing how the parent handles different situations. The parents can also teach the child about lying and stealing through example and when the conversation comes up. If there isnt good morals in the home this can affect the moral character of the children. Parents need to work hard to provide the basic needs for the family. The child shouldnt need to focus on the basic needs because they need to spend time learning to problem solve. If the child has to stress over the basic needs then there isnt time left over to learn how to problem solve and can affect the childs social and emotional development. At school there are also things that can contribute to the communication development of children. These things can be the interaction of classmates, interactions with the teacher, and how the classroom is arranged. The classroom arrangement can help in encouraging communication between students. By setting the desks up in groups or having tables in the classroom this encourages communication, but if the desks are set up in rows this can hinder the opportunity for children to interact and communicate with each other. Also having the desks set up in groups gives the teacher easier access to the students and helps with the student to teacher communication. The classroom environment is also another strong contributor to the development of the students problem solving skills. Maurice Elias suggest engage in creative, disciplined process of exploring alternative possibilities that leads to responsible, goal-directed action, including overcoming obstacles to plans (Elias, 2003). Through listening to Eliass suggestion the students can be promoted in their learning, develop problem solving skills, and can also learn how to assume responsibility for their learning. When the teacher is in the classroom and is dictating to the children and when the child answers something wrong is harsh to them then the students can have impaired communication and problem solving skills. When the student is uncomfortable with answering the question the teacher has asked of them they arent able to develop upon their communication skills. However, if the teacher were to show empathy instead of being harsh the student will be comfortable participating and will be able to develop upon their communication skills. When the childs basic needs are being met and you add a morally strong home with a classroom that encourages open communication the student will be well on their way of having their communication and problem solving skills met.

The Sane Hamlet Essays -- GCSE English Literature Coursework

The Sane Hamlet   Ã‚   Hamlet contains the classic argument between whether or not Hamlet is mad, or a sane man under difficult circumstances. Hamlet assumes antic-disposition at times to uncover the truth of his father's death.   From my perspective I believe that Hamlet's actions and thoughts are a logical response to the situation in which he finds himself.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the first act, Hamlet appears to be very straightforward in his actions and thoughts.   When questioned by Gertrude about his melancholy appearance, Hamlet says, "Seems, madam? Nay it is know not seems" (I, ii, 76).   This is to say, "I am what I appear to be."   Later he makes a clear statement about his thoughts when he commits himself to revenge.   Hamlet says, "I'll wipe away all trivial fond records, All saws of books, all forms, all pressures past, That youth and observation copied there, And thy commandment all alone shall live Within the book and volume of my brai... ...his mirror': Hamlet and the Imitation of Revenge." Critical Essays on Shakespeare's Hamlet. Ed. David Scott Kaston. New York City: Prentice Hall International. 1995. 198-209 Rose, Mark. "Reforming the Role." Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York City: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. 117-128   Wiggins, Martin. "Hamlet Within the Prince." New Essays on Hamlet. Ed. Mark Thornton Burnett and John Manning. New York: AMS Press, 1994. 209-226.

How Does Technology Influence the Google Generation

Nowadays, with the advancement of technology, our current generation, the so-called â€Å"Google generation†, is being influenced in a negative way. So what is the actual meaning of â€Å"Google generation†? One of the common definitions is that â€Å"The â€Å"Google generation† is a popular phrase that refers to a generation of young people, born after 1993, growing up in a world dominated by the Internet† (Rowlands et al. 292). However, that definition is not definitely precise. Jim Ashling says, â€Å"Everyone is members of the Google generation. All age groups exhibit some Google-generation traits† (22). Thus, the Google generation encompasses not only the young, but also the other generations. Which one creates the Google generation? The answer is technology. Since it is inherent in every area of life, the Google generation is impacted by it, which consists of changing their behaviors, affecting their critical thinking, swaying their reading habit, and making the children digital-age. The internet is currently considered an integral part of the society. It provides both advantages and disadvantages. For one thing, the information literacy of young people has not been improved with the widening access to technology (Rowlands et al. 95). Further, Internet research shows that the speed of young people's web searching means that little time is spent in evaluating information, either for relevance, accuracy or authority (Rowlands et al. 295). This will make them more work-shy. In addition, young people have a poor understanding of their information needs and thus find it difficult to develop effective search strategies (Rowlands et al. 295). As a result, they exhibit a strong preference for expressing themselves in natural language rather than analyzing which key words might be more effective (Rowlands et al. 295). Moreover, young people have unsophisticated mental maps of what the internet is, often failing to appreciate that it is a collection of networked resources from different providers (Rowlands et al. 296). Consequently, the search engine, Yahoo or Google, becomes the primary brands that they associate with the internet (Rowlands et al. 296). Therefore, their ability of evaluating and searching information will principally count on the search tools, and their creativity will be restricted. In the other words, it can be considered a type of artificial literacy. When they receive information of a specific topic, they think that they understand it. However, no one recognizes that information is extracted from technology, especially the internet, not from their authentic perceptions. â€Å"Critical thinking as an attitude is embedded in Western culture. There is a belief that argument is the way to finding truth,† observes Adrian West, research director at the Edward de Bono Foundation U. K. , and a former computer science lecturer at the University of Manchester (Greengard 18). Thereby, critical thinking is very crucial in speculating the information. If one loses that ability, he cannot perceive the entity of issues. Unfortunately, currently rapid development of technology causes their thinking process to be passive. They are not able to think the way which was formerly. In contrast, their present thinking process may be called machinery sense. Greengard states about this issue: Although there is little debate that computer technology complements and often enhances the human mind in the quest to store information and process an ever-growing tangle of bits and bytes, there is increasing concern that the same technology is changing the way we approach complex problems and conundrums, and making it more difficult to really think (18). Additionally, the wealth of communications and information can easily overwhelm our reasoning abilities (Greengard 18). Accordingly, Bugeja concludes â€Å"Without critical thinking, we create trivia† (Greengard 19). Seriously, it is time to take a closer and more serious look at technology and understand the subtleties of how it affects the thinking process. What’s more, their reading habit is one of technology’s considerable victims. According to the National Endowment for the Arts, literary reading declined 10 percentage points from 1982 to 2002 and the rate of decline is accelerating (Greengard 18). That is an authentically alarming statistic. Along with a diversity of information on the internet, their reading habit has been lessened drastically. The reason is that previously, people only collected information through books, which are the chief source. They regularly read almost all pages of a book. Notwithstanding, the technology distraction level is accelerating to the point where thinking deeply is difficult (Greengard 18). They are overwhelmed by a constant barrage of devices and tasks, and increasingly suffer from the Google syndrome (Greengard 18). People accept what they read and believe what they see online is fact when it is not (Greengard 18). Nicholas Carr, a journalist, told that it used to be easy to immerse himself in a book or a lengthy article. Nonetheless, the Net distracted his concentration on reading. He has to struggle against his reading habit that used to come naturally. For more than a decade now, he has been spending most of time online, searching, and surfing on the internet. As a result, the Net seems to chip away his capacity for concentration and contemplation. It is not only Nicholas’s problem, but is ours as well. The authors of the study report say: It is clear that users are not reading online in the traditional sense; indeed there are signs that new forms of â€Å"reading† are emerging as users â€Å"power browse† horizontally through titles, contents pages and abstracts going for quick wins. It almost seems that they go online to avoid reading in the traditional sense. (Carr, par. ) Also, he supposes that the Google generation comes to rely on computers to mediate their understanding of the world; it is their own intelligence that flattens into artificial intelligence (Carr, par. 36). At any rate, they are able to absorb the benefits of reading through the internet and keep the traditional habits because reading is learning and entertaining. The most striking example of the Google generation is the â€Å"digital-age† kids (O’Brien, par. 1). Why are they called â€Å"digital-age†? O’Brien has a 15-year-old son whose study is completely distracted by the technology. She had to keep a deep eye on him whenever he took an exam. She says â€Å"Every time I crossed the threshold, the scene was the same: textbooks remained firmly closed in his bag while the laptop was open on his desk. On the screen was some history/ physics/English document, but also his Facebook and iTunes pages. In his ears were the iPod plugs, playing back a podcast. And sometimes, just to fracture his concentration even further, he might have had a half-played video running on YouTube as well† (O’Brien, par. 3 and 4). She was irritated to keep his son on concentrating. From her problem, she concludes â€Å"He’s a digital native; you’re a digital immigrant† (O’Brien, par. 6). Digital natives and digital immigrants are terms named by the American futurist, Marc Prensky, to distinguish between those who have grown up with technology and those who have adapted to it (O’Brien, par. 7). According to researchers, the children are in the midst of a sea change in the way that they read and think (O’Brien, par. 8). They have wonderfully flexible minds. Further, they absorb information quickly, adapt to changes and are adept at culling from multiple sources. But they are also suffering from internet-induced attention deficit disorder (O’Brien, par. 8). Rose Luckin, Professor of Learner- Centred Design at the London Knowledge Lab and a visiting professor at the University of Sussex, is working on a study examining the internet's impact on pupils' critical and meta-cognitive skills. â€Å"The worrying view coming through is that students are lacking in reflective awareness,† she says. â€Å"Technology makes it easy for them to collate information, but not to analyze and understand it† (O’Brien, par. ). In short, it is time the society should do something to improve the digital-age children. Therefore, the role of parents and teachers are constantly respected and highly valued, like Rose Luckin says: Because they have been using digital technology all their lives, our children feel they have authority over it. But technology cannot teach them to reflect upon and evaluate the information they are gathering online. For that, the role of teachers and parents remains fundamentally important. (O’Brien, par. 2) Even though technology brings many various utilities to the civilization of the society, there are some issues on which are scouted out seriously. The Google generation ought to be aware of how to harness it. Do not let it affect the behavior, the ability of thinking critically, reading habit, and â€Å"digital-age† children. At any events, they should utilize the best benefits of technology to improve the life in a proper way. Keep in mind that technology can be a good servant, but it can be also a bad boss.

Free Essays on Analysis Of I Tituba Black Witch Of Salem, The Crucible & Young Goodman Brown

, the evil acts were not instinctive; but rather, ‘the Devil made them do it.’ Maryse Condà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s 1992 novel, I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem; Nathaniel Hawthorne’s 1835 short story, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† and a 1996 film based on Arthur Miller’s 1953 play, The Crucible, feature the theme of good vs. evil, and consider its repercussions on the respective protagonists and antagonists. In none of these works do the characters ride off into the sunset and live happily ever after. This seems to suggest that once their moral foundations had been cracked, the damage was irreparable. In I, Tituba, the Black Witch of Salem, the protagonist is the misunderstood Tituba, a real-life woman who had been transported to Salem from the West Indies at the height of the seventeenth-century slave trade. She is a strong-willed woman who brought much of her African culture with her in the form of healing concoctions (misconstrued as spells) that she uses to assist her master, Reverend Samuel Parris, his wife Elizabeth, daughter Elizabeth (â€Å"Betsey†) and niece, Abigail Williams. The novel’s first-person narrative allows author Maryse Condà © considerable creative license to mold Tituba into the kind of person she wanted her to be to deliver the message she deemed relevant. Condà © candidly acknowledged, â€Å"I was not inte... Free Essays on Analysis Of I Tituba Black Witch Of Salem, The Crucible & Young Goodman Brown Free Essays on Analysis Of I Tituba Black Witch Of Salem, The Crucible & Young Goodman Brown Ever since the beginning of time, the classic conflict of humankind has been the moral struggle between good and evil. Evil can take many forms, but it is always rooted in Satan or the antichrist. The natural assumption has historically been that since God created man/woman in His own image, he/she is inherently good. Therefore, whenever a man or woman takes a detour from the moral straight and narrow, there has to be some type of external cause responsible for the dramatic shifting of course. The logical conclusion to draw was that a spell must have been cast upon the unfortunate person’s soul. In other words, the evil acts were not instinctive; but rather, ‘the Devil made them do it.’ Maryse Condà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s 1992 novel, I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem; Nathaniel Hawthorne’s 1835 short story, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† and a 1996 film based on Arthur Miller’s 1953 play, The Crucible, feature the theme of good vs. evil, and consider its repercussions on the respective protagonists and antagonists. In none of these works do the characters ride off into the sunset and live happily ever after. This seems to suggest that once their moral foundations had been cracked, the damage was irreparable. In I, Tituba, the Black Witch of Salem, the protagonist is the misunderstood Tituba, a real-life woman who had been transported to Salem from the West Indies at the height of the seventeenth-century slave trade. She is a strong-willed woman who brought much of her African culture with her in the form of healing concoctions (misconstrued as spells) that she uses to assist her master, Reverend Samuel Parris, his wife Elizabeth, daughter Elizabeth (â€Å"Betsey†) and niece, Abigail Williams. The novel’s first-person narrative allows author Maryse Condà © considerable creative license to mold Tituba into the kind of person she wanted her to be to deliver the message she deemed relevant. Condà © candidly acknowledged, â€Å"I was not inte...

Oak is the Official U.S. National Tree

Oak is the Official U.S. National Tree The mighty oak tree was  voted  the United States favorite tree in a National Arbor Day Foundation poll taken in 2001.  Nearly five years later, a  Congressional passage and a presidential signing of a historic bill made it the official  national tree of the United States in late 2004. Americas national tree is the mighty oak. The Congressional Passage of the Official National Tree Having oak as our national tree is in keeping with the wishes of the hundreds of thousands of people who helped choose this striking symbol of our nation’s great strength, said John Rosenow, the  president of The National Arbor Day Foundation. The oak was selected during a four-month-long open voting process hosted by the Arbor Day Foundation. From the first day of voting, oak was the people’s clear choice, finishing with more than 101,000 votes, compared to almost 81,000 for the magnificent runner-up, the redwood. Rounding out the top five were the dogwood, maple, and pine. The Voting Process People were invited to vote for one of 21 candidate trees, based on broad tree categories (general) that included the state trees of all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Each voter also had the option to write in any other tree selection they preferred. Advocates of the oak praised its diversity, with more than 60 species growing in the United States, making oaks America’s most widespread hardwood tree. There is an oak species that grows naturally in nearly every state in the continental U.S.   Why Oak Trees Are so Important Individual oaks have long played a part in many important American historical events, from Abraham Lincoln’s use of the Salt River Ford Oak as a marker in crossing a river near Homer, Illinois, to Andrew Jackson taking shelter under Louisiana’s Sunnybrook Oaks on his way to the Battle of New Orleans. In the annals of military history, Old Ironsides, the USS Constitution, took its nickname from the strength of its live oak hull, famous for repelling British cannonballs. Uses for oak tree wood are of major importance and in high demand as a commercially harvested tree species. Oak has an extremely dense wood and resists insects and fungal attacks because of its high tannic acid content. It saws even and true with beautiful grain desired for building the best furniture and cabinets along with the durability necessary for fine flooring. It is a perfect wood for long-lasting timbers for building, perfect planking for shipbuilding and the barrel staves used for storing and aging fine whiskey spirits.

Sandstone Reservoirs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sandstone Reservoirs - Research Paper Example Examples of sandstone reservoirs are found in Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, coastal basins of Equatorial Africa, United States’ Gulf Coast, Rocky Mountains and Southern North Sea (Stoneley 39). 2. Carbonate Rock Reservoirs Carbonate reservoirs comprise of geologic formation that are naturally fractured which are characterized by heterogeneous permeability and porosity distributions. These are the predominant types of reservoirs all over the world accounting for about 50% of all reservoirs. The distinctive aspect of carbonate reservoirs is their intrabasinal origin. Their mode of formation was primarily dependent on organic activities. They were formed through biochemical processes in special environments. Organisms involved in their formation also contributed in determination of their qualities. Carbonate reservoirs are highly susceptible to processes of modification as a result of post-depositional mechanisms. The variations observed among various carbonate reservoirs res ult from processes such as lithification and compaction (Ahr 50). A notable feature of these reservoirs is their high sensitivity to environmental changes. Changes in temperatures affect biogenic activities thus affecting sediment production. This aspect is what makes carbonate reservoir development depth dependent. Favorable conditions enhance organic productivity while in unfavorable conditions productivity ceases. Carbonate reservoirs are considered autochthonous since they develop close to their final depositional sites. Water energy and basin configuration influences deposition which leads to formation of carbonate reservoirs. Examples of carbonate reservoirs are found in Big Horn Basin in Wyoming and south Caspian basin which encompasses... They develop better vugs and fractures that are relatively important for flow and storage of fluids. Carbonate reservoirs are also harder and tighter than sandstone reservoirs (Renpu 9). Primary porosity of sandstone reservoirs is exclusively interparticle while that of carbonate reservoirs can either be intraparticle, interparticle, intercrystalline, vuggy, fenestral or cavernous. Porosity-permeability relationships of sandstones are relatively consistent and dependent on particle texture while that of carbonate reservoirs are highly varied and independent of particle size (Ahr 53). Shale reservoirs differ from sandstone reservoirs in that shale reservoirs can contain organic mudstones which are not present in sandstone reservoirs. They can also have open fractures which are not common in sandstone reservoirs. Conglomerate reservoirs differ from sandstone reservoirs in that conglomerate reservoirs exhibit an extra-high heterogeneity as a result of a complex pore structure. They also display rapid changes in permeability and porosity between their layers which is not the case with sandstone reservoirs (Zou 298). Advantages of Sandstone Reservoirs Porosity of sandstone reservoirs is uniform over time since it does not diminish with increasing saturation of the reservoir. Chemical processes do not affect the permeability and porosity of sandstone reservoirs. Effects and of micro and macro organisms do not impede fluid transfer through sandstone reservoirs as can be the case with carbonate reservoirs (Renpu 11).

Osborn-Parnes Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Osborn-Parnes Model - Essay Example However, by searching for several good answers through the combination of divergent and convergent thinking using imaginative techniques at all stages of the Osborn-Parnes model, it becomes possible to arrive at several workable and innovative solutions. This model has five major steps, although the mess-finding step, which is preliminary in nature, is also added to locate a problem or challenge to which the model can be applied. These steps are mess or objective finding, fact finding, problem finding, idea finding, solution finding or evaluation of ideas, and acceptance finding or implementation of ideas (Treffinger et al, 2012). Each of these steps first employs divergent thinking, whereby there is generation of ideas, after which convergent thinking is applied for the selection of the most promising ideas to be explored further. This paper will apply the Osborn-Parnes model to solve a problem related to opening a maternity shop in a retirement village. The mess-finding or objective-finding stage is the preliminary phase of the creative problem solving process. During the start of the creative problem solving process, one may not have an idea concerning where their creative thinking skills are applicable. This is the phase where one becomes aware of the concerns, challenges, and problems that require to be solved, during which opportunities and challenges are identified (Arp, 2012). Here, both divergent and convergent thinking styles are used with the aim of identifying the business, objectives and concerns. To begin with, because people living in retirement villages are not looking to get children, the sales and marketing process will face several objections. This type of shop, firstly, would be quite profitable if it was opened in a retirement village because there are no such shops open, which would provide first move competitive advantage.

Career Development through International Mobility Essay

Career Development through International Mobility - Essay Example The LVMH Company came into existence as a result of the merger of Moet et Chandon, one of the largest manufacturers of champagne in the world, with a renowned manufacturer of cognac, Hennessey. In 1987, this group further merged with a fashion house, Louis Vuitton. LVMH is a France based group with over 56000 human resources out of which 63% employees work in different locations of the world. There exist 50 prestigious brands under this group, making it recognized as a global giant. It deals with various activities that include business in fashion goods and leather, spirits and wines, perfumes and cosmetics, watches and jewelry, among others. In this assignment, is going to major in the company of Christian Dior, because it is LVMH’s major holding company. It possesses 42.38% of its shareholding and voting rights of 59.3%. Christian Dior’s mass shareholder is also the chairman of both companies. He is LVMH’s CEO. By successfully integrating various famous inspira tional brands, other companies that offer luxurious products, e.g.  Richemont and Gucci, which are now the division of French conglomerate, are doing the same. The assignment also covers Chateau d’Yquem, which is a part of the oldest variety of the group, the manufacturer of first-class vintage wine. In order to make possible the adjustments of cross-cultures, a challenge to train its expatriates for international projects is being faced by LVMH. Therefore, the process of adjustment, involving the training of the employee along with his/her family, would be accelerated. Currently, the language courses are being developed by both pre-departure and post-arrival training. Intercultural training needs to be completed shortly as there exists an international position that needs to be filled without any delay. Due to this short training, the pressure to perform is not executed on such employees. In few cases, new joiners are helped by subsidiaries and the permission is granted to trainees for preliminary field trips. However, as per rule, before sending a candidate to an international exposure, some former international exposure, for instance, through studies or previous professional exposure, must be possessed by him. The kind of business conducted by LVMH requires its employees to possess the mobility factor. Usually, the employees are not found turning down international projects and assignments but it has been observed that the factor that hinders the mobility of an employee is related to the spouse. To tackle this, those young graduates are offered international assignments who are mostly single and who realize the importance of such international assignments as these are likely to help them develop effectively.  

Community Service Essay Example for Free

Community Service Essay Before actually partaking in community service, I always thought of it as a means of overworking students for the employers to save money, but after actually getting myself involved in itI realized that doing community service is actually a privilege for us the volunteers. It gives us an opportunity to gain experience, widen our skills and get a better understanding of the hard labour and it is a process that essentially goes into the outcome of a product or service. Community service has literally made me realized how little I contribute to my country, how little I know about my country and has brought to my attention and conscience that I should try my best to assist more—free of wage—in the continuous growth of my economy. Doing my service at St. Rose Nursery, has opened my eyes to the not so easy process of growing flowers, plants and trees; for example how important fertilizers are and what a big difference the right fertilisers make—and also the different types of fertilizers and their functions . Before I never really understood the beauty of them nor did I realize how much work went into nurturing and harvesting them, but now I am more aware and more concerned about the health of trees and how they are treated and even situated in a pot or the ground. On my first day at St. Rose Nursery, I was given a tour of the compound and while getting the tour, I could not help but feel relaxed and free. The ambience of the nursery changed my mood and thought completely; it had me wondering why do we stress out ourselves? Also it made me realize that I should take time to get in touch with nature and myself. After being introduced to the employees, I felt intimidated because I was the only female surrounded by five males so I saw that as a challenge in terms of them underestimating me and my abilities but after talking to them for a little I felt right at home and was able to be myself and even challenge myself by learning to pot plants, fertilize them and water them all in one day. They were all so helpful and very explanatory and took the time to show me exactly what to do before I did it, at the end of the day I excelled and  accomplished far more than they expected; the good energy at the nursery led me to spend longer hours there than I actually expected to spend per day. Throughout my time at St. Rose nursery, I would like to believe that I have brought a youthful and eager emotion to the compound; despite the fact that we worked in separate areas. I believe that I have shown them that a woman can be productive in the nursery field and can also keep up with their speed and even surpass them; I stared of potting only 1 plant per 2 minutes and by the end of the day, I was able to plant 2 plants per minute—it was fun and we turned it into a game—I observed the workers fertilizing the plants and heard the headman tell him that he was applying too much so I made an attempt to fertilize the next batch of plants and was told that I had done a good job! Not too much and not too little; I felt pleased and proud of myself—I had done better than someone who had much more experience in that field than me. It is funny how one can assume that plant nurturing to be a simple and senseless skill, well I learned the hard yet interesting way that it is far from simple and a lot of thought and precision goes into the whole process, from the pot the plant goes into, the climate atmosphere and type of soil that it is planted in. I have learned from this experience that it is possible to push myself a bit further when trying to accomplish a certain task in a given amount of time, I have learned that I am far more patient than I thought and most importantly I have learned that I personally stress myself over minor issues instead of taking time to breathe, relax and find a solution for it; through this I have come to the conclusion that I should find more time to clear my mind and possibly do something that I find interesting, productive and selfless to release my stresses of life. I have learned that even though I am an introvert, working with people is not that bad after all it just takes getti ng used to them and knowing how to work to suit all their different personalities. I also learned that working with other people really helps to get more work done faster. I honestly can say that I enjoyed the interaction with people who were not of my norm; I enjoyed the whole learning about new trees and their fruits,  smells, blooming and reproduction time. I enjoyed planting and reposting plants and most importantly I enjoyed the view of the surroundings. This endeavour was a challenging one in terms of patience and precision but in the end it all paid off, because I was blessed with the opportunity to enhance my gardening skills and was given the opportunity to be social with people who I would normally be afraid to talk to or even be around. Before transposing myself into the real life community service equation, I thought to myself and made an oath to myself that my main aim was to simple complete my thirty hours of community service as fast and as soon as possible, but after starting and observing the nursery, I realized that it would provide me with far more knowledge and far more fun and experience than I expected and I realized that it would be in my best interest to use it to my advantage to gain a greater skill. I believe that service to others is important because it is a good way to give back to the community and also to increase one’s level of experience and variation. I believe in my distant future I would once again volunteer my time to another estate to expand my comprehension and also to help improve my community and help improve myself as a person. The people at the St. Rose Nursery are very hospital and down to earth, to the point where I can honestly say that there is nothing I would change about their mannerism. To potential volunteers, I would like to advice them to go into the experience open minded and willing to learn. I would also suggest that they find something that is within their comfort zone or something at that they at least have a strong interest in learning or have a passion for, simply because if one does something that they do not like or will not like, then they will not enjoy the experience to the fullest and similarly if one does something that seemed interesting to them before they actually partook in it, then they would draw from that experience that it is simply not something they would like to do in the future and would have learned a valuable lesson.

Logistic and Transport Management to Reduce Health-care Cost

Logistic and Transport Management to Reduce Health-care Cost CHAPTER 1 1.0: Introduction The Health Care Sector in Mauritius provides medical solution and services to the general population in Mauritius. The Health sector budget is more than 10 Billion rupees annually excluding capital expenditure projects for infrastructural works such as construction of Hospitals and other health institutions. The overall health in Mauritius is a cause of great concern today, both for the government and for the public. Fundamental changes are needed in the health sector in an attempt to improve the quality of life. As such, one of the main sector where it deserves many changes is the logistic sector which encompasses the flow of information, the supply chain management, the procurement sections and the transport management. Logistics, a poorly understood and often un-appeared process, accounts for a sizeable portion of a hospitals operating budget. Studies have shown that 30% to 46% of the hospital expenses are invested in various logistical activities and that almost half of the costs associated with supply chain processes could be eliminated through the use of best practices. Today medical costs have escalated heavily and has become the number one issue in health care for the past decades. Government, as well as private companies are working hard to find solutions so as to reduce health care cost. New technologies are currently being developed so as to ease the services as well as to reduce cost taking into consideration of efficiency and effectiveness. Methods of delivering health care cost are profoundly being changed. Medical information by way of web-enabled technology is quickly replacing the more traditional ways people seek advice and information. Today quality management of patient care and managing logistic to reduce health care cost are integral cost reduction tools that are currently being studied in most health service program. 1.1: Problem statement Although logistic and transportation system is smoothly running to palliate the whole movement in the healthcare sector, there is still room for improvement which can also contribute to reduce heavy cost and contributing to save money, i.e. public fund. In fact the Transport Section situated at the Vagrant Depot at Grand Riviere North West Port Louis caters for all the movement of goods, people and services throughout the whole country. The service level of this system is difficult to measure as a whole but can be concluded as to be enough good but still need improvement as there are many loopholes which needs to be considered and corrective measures taken in order to achieve a better quality service. Many attempts have been made to improve the service quality of the existing transportation system and with the help of Internal Control remarks and National Audit report, many remedial actions have been taken but still the Ministry is facing a big challenge to fully satisfy all stakeholders in the health sector and improve the health services. From experience and observation made, it is concluded that customers and other stakeholders of the transport system, also need changes and as individual, should add their contribution so as to improve continually. It is therefore obvious that users of transport section need to be continually monitored so as to enhance the service level and hence to determine customer needs and bring customer satisfaction. 1.2: Study Aims The aims of studying management of logistic is to consider that part of Supply Chain Management that plans, implements, and controls the efficient, effective, forward, and reverse flow and storage of goods, services, and related information between the point of origin and the point of consumption (up to patients) in order to meet customers requirements as well as to reduce cost in the long run. It needs to see how the Logistic and supply Chain Management can contribute to improve the logistic and distribution system in the Ministry of Health and Quality of life. Today many companies are managing their logistic system by the help of information system thus keeping database of the daily activities, the planning and the action taken so as to facilitate the workload and not only satisfy their customers but also to delight them. Objectives of the study To identify along the distribution channel where there have been poor planning and control. To identify the method that can be used to reduce cost and save public money. To assess whether these studies can contribute in the implementation of the strategies for reducing cost in the health sector. To identify those factors that will bring changes in the whole system. To formulate recommendations and strategies so as to improve the system. 1.3: Vision and Mission of the Ministry of Health and Quality of Life 1.3.1: Vision The vision of the Ministry of Health and Quality of Life is to build a healthy nation through the delivery of compassionate, quality and cost-effective services to the population. 1.3.2: Mission Statement Enhance the health status of the population; Improve the quality of health care delivery with a view to increasing patientssatisfaction; Enhance social equity through the provision of a wider range of health services to the whole population; Ensure that the health sector is consolidated and that the health services remain accessible to every citizen. This can be implemented with the help of the Logistic and Supply Chain Management so that the movement of medical and pharmaceutical products, medical staffs and patients are transported at the right time and right place without causing any deficiency and break in the supply chain. 1.4: Outline of the study Chapter 1: Introduction This chapter provides an overall description of the Logistic and Supply Chain Management, more precisely in the Transport Section, at the Ministry thus exposing the aims and objectives of the study. Chapter 2: Literature Review This chapter reviews the definition, the literature of theories, the concept, the history, the interrelation between transportation and logistic, the routing planning, the implied transport cost and the implementation of the Supply Chain Management among others. It describes about various theories and concepts that has been applied in various context to the logistic and transportation system for improvement in the service level. Chapter 3: Methodology This chapter gives guidance to this dissertation. In fact the methodology explain various variables used through questionnaires and perceptions from people and other users in the Supply Chain at the Ministry of Health and Quality of life to reach a conclusions and make recommendations. Chapter 4: Results and Discussion This chapter looks at the overall results obtained in the survey made (questionnaires) and helps in making analysis of the results thus exposing them diagrammatically through graphs and charts. Chapter 5: Conclusions and recommendations This chapter concludes the study made and sets recommendations in the system that will lead to changes which will help to reducing cost as well as improving the system in terms of Quality. Chapter 2 Part 1 Literature review 2.0:0 Definition of Logistic TheOxford English Dictionarydefines logistics as the branch ofmilitary sciencehaving to do with procuring, maintaining and transportingmateriel, personnel and facilities. Another dictionary definition is the time-related positioning of resources. Logistics is commonly seen as a branch ofengineeringthat creates people systems rather than machine systems. When we talk in terms of HRM logistics means giving inputs i,e recruiting manpowers which ultimately works for the final consumer or to deliver services. There is, realistically, no ‘true name or definition that should be pedantically applied, because product differs, companies differs and system differs. â€Å"Logistics is a diverse and dynamic function that has to be flexible and has to change according to the various constraints and demands imposed upon it and with respect to the environment in which it works. And therefore these terms are used interchangeably, in literature and in the business world. (logistic and distribution management Alan Rushton) 2.1:0 OVERVIEW OF LOGISTICS 2.1.1: Definitions Council of Logistics Management (1991) defined that logistics is â€Å"part of the supply chain process that plans, implements, and controls the efficient, effective forward and reverse flow and storage of goods, services, and related information between the point of manufacture and the point of consumption in order to meet customers requirements†. Johnson and Woods definition (cited in Tilanus, 1997) uses â€Å"five important key terms†, which are logistics, inbound logistics, materials management, physical distribution, and supply-chain management, to interpret. Logistics describes the entire process of materials and products moving into, through, and out of firm. Inbound logistics covers the movement of material received from suppliers. Materials management describes the movement of materials and components within a firm. Physical distribution refers to the movement of goods outward from the end of the assembly line to the customer. Finally, supply-chain management is somewhat larger than logistics, and it links logistics more directly with the users total communications network and with the firms engineering staff. The commonality of the recent definitions is that logistics is a process of moving and handling goods and materials, from the beginning to the end of the production, sale process and waste disposal, to satisfy customers and add business competitiveness. It is ‘the process of anticipating customer needs and wants; acquiring the capital, materials, people, technologies, and information necessary to meet those needs and wants; optimising the goods- or service-producing network to fulfil customer requests; and utilizing the netw ork to fulfil customer requests in a timely way (Tilanus, 1997). Simply to say, ‘logistics iscustomer-oriented operation management. Logisticsis the management of the flow ofgoods,informationand other resources in arepair cyclebetween the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet the requirements of customers. Logistics involves the integration of information,transportation,inventory, warehousing, material handling, and packaging, and occasionallysecurity. Logistics is a channel of thesupply chainwhich adds the value of time and place utility. Today the complexity of production logistics can be modelled, analyzed, visualized and optimized by plant simulation software. 2.2:0 History and Advancement of Logistics Logistics was initially a military activity concerned with getting soldiers and munitions to the  battlefront in time for flight, but it is now seen as an integral part of the modern production  process. The main background of its development is that the recession of America in the  1950s caused the industrial to place importance on goods circulations. It was initially developed in the context of military activities in the late 18th and early 19th centuries and it launched from the military logistics of World War II. The probable origin of the term is the Greek logistikos , meaning ‘skilled in calculating. (BTRE, 2001) Military definitions typically incorporate the supply, movement and quartering of troops in a set. And now, a number of researches were taken and made logistics applications from military. 2.3.0: INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TRANSPORTATION AND LOGISTICS Without well developed transportation systems, logistics could not bring its advantages into good transport system in logistics activities could provide better logistics efficiency, reduce operation cost, and promote service quality. The improvement of transportation systems needs the effort from both public and private sectors. A well-operated logistics system could increase both the competitiveness of the government and enterprises. 2.4.0: Transportation Costsas a Characteristics in Logistics Transport system is the most important economic activity among the components of business logistics systems. Around one third to two thirds of the expenses of enterprises logistics costs are spent on transportation. According to the investigation of National Council of Physical Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 5, pp. 1657 1672, 2005 Cost related to Transportation of goods does not only includes fuel cost but include the followings: Overhead cost Maintenance cost Drivers and loaders / helpers salaries Depreciation cost Management cost Fuel cost Transport costs have significant impacts on any organization, be it a public body, i.e. a government institution or a private firms. In may organization, transportation cost are influenced by the ways users are managing and utilizing. These represents the cost of moving a passenger or a good from one place to its destination, including all associated cost involved within the activities. These rates are often visible as transport service providers should be aware of the all information to secure the transaction. 2.4.1: Factors that affect transportation cost The most important factors that affect transportation cost are thus:- Geography This factor is mainly concerned with distance and accessibility. Distance is commonly the most basic condition affecting transport costs. It can be expressed in terms of length, time, economic costs or the amount of energy used. It varies greatly according to the type of transportation mode involved and the efficiency of specific transport routes. Type of product. Many products require packaging, special handling, are bulky or perishable. As such, in the case of health sector, it involves moving medical items, pharmaceutical products, patients, medical staff, medical services etc Economies of scale. Another condition affecting transport costs is related to economies of scale or the possibilities to transportation of goods in larger quantities so as to lower the cost. As far passengers are concerned, it should involved merging of trips within the same route. Energy Transport activities are in fact large consumers of energy, especially fuel and oil. Consideration has to be given to minimise trips and hence minimising fuel consumption. Mode. Different modes are characterized by different transport costs. Reduction in cost is also due to different mode of transport. For example one cannot transport a small box of 25 kg in a lorry of 5 tons. This could well be transported in a small van or a car which will use less fuel. 2.5.0: Deficiencies that Drive Up Logistics Operations Costs Logistics, a poorly understood and often unappreciated process, accounts for a sizeable portion of a hospitals operating budget. Studies have shown that 30% to 46% of hospital expenses are invested in various logistical activities and that almost half of the costs associated with supply chain processes could be eliminated through the use of best practices. In hospitals, logistics cover not just support services such as purchasing, stores and the pharmacy, but also health care services such as patient care units and operating rooms. Many activities that could be carried out by support personnel are often on the list of duties performed by health care personnel. The result is that the internal supply chain within a hospital is often highly fragmented. Logistics is a complex process. The people involved vary with the type of products in questions: for example, stores manage medical and non-medical supplies, the pharmacy looks after pharmaceutical products; and food services manages the procurement and processing of food products. 2.6.0: Materials and Methods in transportation and logistics The literature on accounting in health care industry covers a number of themes. Many researches have been carried out and many titles and articles have been provided regarding how to reduce the escalating medical costs and improve quality management in transportation and logistics. Some have been successful, while others have shown failures. Procurement, storage, mobilization, distribution and other aspects of providing material assistance to the health sector, and the handling of those supplies, require a good organizational structure to ensure the efficient management and utilization of resources that in emergency situations, tend to be limited. This structure is provided by logistics, the strategy of achieving practical objectives promptly and methodically while making the most effective use of available resources. 2.6.1: The two basic premises: 1. Supply logistics cannot be unprepared at the time of an emergency. Organizations of health institutions must see it as a cornerstone of emergency planning and preparedness efforts. Employing resources appropriately, and being able to secure those that are not at hand, depends on first identifying their availability and location, as well as the sources for obtaining them. All those activities demanded by logistical deployment during an emergency the mechanisms for standardizing the various processes and all the necessary documents for recording information and controlling, monitoring and following up on the flow of supplies must be prepared, understood, and tested in advance. 2. The various stages in the flow of supplies, from their point of origin to the moment they reach their recipients whether they be the organizations managing the emergency or the actual beneficiaries of the assistance are a chain made up of very close links. This is called the chain supply. How any one of these links is managed invariably affects the others. Supply management must therefore be the focus of an integral approach that looks at all the links in the sequence and never loses sight of their interdependence. This is known as supply chain logistics. Some of these procedures reflect the standards of international organizations involved in disaster response. Many others, however, are the distillation of concrete experiences by those in the field. Information in PAHO/WHOs Scientific Publication Medical Supply Management after Natural Disasters 2.7.0: Supply chain management (SCM) SCMis the management of a network of interconnectedbusinessesinvolved in the ultimate provision ofproductand servicepackages required by end customers (Harland, 1996). Supply chain management spans all movement and storage ofraw materials, work-in-process inventory, and finished goods from point of origin to point of consumption (supply chain). Definition of Supply Chain Management (SCM) provided by the APICS Dictionary: It defines SCM as the design, planning, execution, control, and monitoring of supply chain activities with the objective of creating net value, building a competitive infrastructure, leveraging worldwide logistics, synchronizing supply with demand and measuring performance globally. Supply chain management is the systemic, strategic coordination of the traditional business functions and the tactics across these business functions within a particular company and across businesses within the supply chain, for the purposes of improving the long-term performance of the individual companies and the supply chain as a whole (Mentzer et al. , 2001 ). A customer focused definition is given by Hines (2004:p76): Supply chain strategies require a total systems view of the linkages in the chain that work together efficiently to create customer satisfaction at the end point of delivery to the consumer. As a consequence costs must be lowered throughout the chain by driving out unnecessary costs and focusing attention on adding value. Throughput efficiency must be increased, bottlenecks removed and performance measurement must focus on total systems efficiency and equitable reward distribution to those in the supply chain adding value. The supply chain system must be responsive to customer requirements. Global supply chain forum:- Supply Chain Management is the integration of key business processes across the supply chain for the purpose of creating value for customers and stakeholders (Lambert, 2008). According to theCouncil of Supply Chain Management Professionals(CSCMP), â€Å"S upply Chain Management encompasses the planning and management of all activities involved in sourcing , procurement , conversion, and logistics management.† It includes the important components of monitoring and collaboration withall partners in the chain. They can besuppliers,agents, service providers, andcustomers, users and other stakeholders in the chain. In fact, supply chain management integrates both supply and demandmanagement within and across companies. Accordingly to the same Council (CSCMP), self-organizing network of businesses that cooperate to provide product and service offerings has been called theâ€Å"Extended Enterprise†. â€Å"A supply chain, as opposed to supply chain management, is a set of organizations directly linked of the upstream and downstream flows of products, services, finances, and information from a source to a customer. Managing a supply chain is supply chain management† (Mentzer et al. , 2001). Supply chain management softwareincludes tools used to execute supply chain transactions, manage supplier relationships and control associated business processes. Supply chain event management (abbreviated as SCEM) is a consideration of all possible events and factors that can disrupt a supply chain. With SCEM possible scenarios can be created and solutions devised. 2.8.0: Transport Management System (TMS) TMS are one of the systems managing thesupply chain. They belong to a sub-group called Supply chain execution (SCE). TMS, has become a critical part of any (SCE) Supply Chain Execution and Collaboration System in which real time exchange of information with other SCE modules has become mission critical. Transportation Management Systems manage three key processes of transportation management: 2.8.1: Planning and Decision Making in Transportation and Logistics TMS will define the most efficient transport schemes according to given parameters, which have a lower or higher importance according to the user policy: transport cost, shorter lead-time, fewer stops possible to insure quality, flows regrouping coefficient†¦ 2.8.2: Transport follow-up TMS will allow following any physical or administrative operation regarding transportation: traceability of transport event by event (shipping from A, arrival at B, customs clearance†¦), editing of reception, custom clearance, invoicing and booking documents, sending of transport alerts (delay, accident, non-forecast stops†¦) 2.8.3: Measurement of the Transport Management System TMS have or need to have a Logistics KPI reporting function for transport. Various functions of a TMS: Planning and optimizing of terrestrial transport rounds Transportation mode and carrier selection Management of air and maritime transport Real time vehicles tracking Service quality control Vehicle Load and Route optimization Transport costs and scheme simulation Shipment batching of orders Cost control, KPI reporting and statistics Typical KPIs include but not limited to: % of On Time Pick Up or Delivery Performance relative to requested Cost Per Metric mile; km; Weight; Cube; Pallet 2.8.4: Route Planning and Optimization Reduce Distribution Costs Fleet Miles Daily routes are created using powerful algorithms and street-level routing, in conjunction with your business constraints Increase Resource Utilization-Make better use of existing resources by delivering more and driving less. The answer to increasing volume is not always to put more vehicles on the road, but to make smart, efficient Make Sound Business Decisions -Understand how delivery costs affect the profitability of each customer by knowing the actual cost per stop Set Driver Standards Creating route plans and gathering actual information allows you to set performance standards and expectations-which can result in less overtime and better driver performance Decrease Routing Time Let your routers spend less time configuring routes and more time assessing what-if scenarios to produce better, more efficient routes. Contingency Planning Prepare for holiday or seasonal spikes and other what if scenarios Reports Driver manifests, maps, directions, resource utilization, customer delivery cost, actual versus projected by route and by stop, planned route summaries and many more reports to help consistently in evaluating a system. 2.8.5: Load Optimisation A Quick Load Design which should be also accurate for many Route Types Each route requires different loading system. In fact different types of equipment are used at different loading and unloading bays depending on the routing system. Multiple Loading Strategies These are different types of techniques used for operating at the loading and unloading bays. It could be in terms of software or some working methods used by machine operators so as to increase the output of work by minimising physical efforts. Building Load in advance a common techniques applied by many warehouses is to pre-build or to prepare the load in advance and store them in some identified location and which will be useful and same time in a Pre-Build Orders Load orders to be picked, built and pre-staged throughout the day, all while continuing to have them allocated to the correct route and truck during the final loading pass Load Design to Reduce Product Breakage Most breakage occurs within the first 10 minutes of a route due to poor packing. Reports Final load sheet, driver check-out, load validation and pick sheets provide you with all of the detailed information required. 2.9.0: Supply chain management must address the following problems 2.9.1: Distribution Strategy Definition of strategy â€Å" A strategy is a pattern of major objectives, purposes or goals and essential policies or plans for achieving those goals, stated in such a way as to define what business the company is in or is to be in and the king of company it is or is to be .† (Drucker, 1961) 2.9.2: The distribution strategy The business environment is unpredictable and complex to anticipate and forecast effectively. As such strategies have to be developed so as to meet the need of everybody in the supply chain. These include patterns of actions that should be planned and intended in the management of the transport so as to handle the distribution channel in a more appropriate way. This strategy can also be developed in the supply chain management whereby it will raise a question of centralising or decentralising the warehousing and delivery. This strategy will of course reduce the day to day transport arrangement problem. 2.9.3: Trade-Offs in Logistical Activities: There are many activities in logistic system andTrade-offs may increase the total cost if only one of the activities is optimized. For example, a full loaded lorry distributing stores is more economical on a cost than less than the lorry load capacity (e.g. half lorry load). The full lorry load of a product will reduce transportation costs and will therefore decrease the inventory holding costs which may in turn decrease total logistics costs. It is therefore imperative to take a systems approach when planning logistical activities. These trade-offs are key to developing the most efficient and effective Logistics and SCM strategy. 2.9.4: Distribution Network Configuration: number, location and network missions of suppliers, production facilities, distribution centers, warehouses, cross-docks and customers. 2.9.5: Tiering of Suppliers Organisations have for many years sought to reduce their supplier base as they seek to implement a lean supply regime. Segmenting the chosen supply base into tiers gives a measure of priority in the management of the supply chain. The first tier is reserved for the immediate and direct suppliers of assemblies / manufacturers etc, whereas the second and third tier suppliers are reserved for component suppliers who supply the first tier suppliers, thus removing them from direct involvement with the manufacturer. Therefore tiering is important in the direction and management of the supply chain as the first tier supplier is responsible for ensuring that there has been a movement in the supply chain and also is receiving from his direct supplier. Information: Integration of processes through the supply chain to share valuable information, including demand signals, forecasts, inventory, transportation, potential collaboration, etc. Inventory Management: Quantity and location of inventory, including raw materials, work-in-progress (WIP) and finished goods. Cash-Flow: Arranging the payment terms and methodologies for exchanging funds across entities within the supply chain. Holding a huge amount of inventory mean huge capital tide up and therefore involving large amount of money and also increasing the holding cost. A good management in logistic and supply chain will undeniably give rise to a good cash flow and managing fund equitably. Several models have been proposed for understanding the activities required to manage material movements across organizational and functional boundaries.One model is the SCM Model proposed by the Global Supply Chain Forum (GSCF). Supply chain activities can be grouped into strategic, tactical, and operational levels. Importance of Supply Chain Management Organizations increasingly find that they must rely on effective supply chains, or networks, to compete in the global market and networked economy. In Peter Druckers (1998) new management paradigms, this concept of business relationships extends beyond traditional enterprise boundaries and seeks to organize entire business processes throughout a value chain of multiple companies . During the past decades, globalization, outsourcing and information technology have enabled many organizations, such as Dell and Hewlett Packard , to successfully operate solid collaborative supply networks in which each specialized business partner focuses on only a few key strategic activities (Scott, 1993). This inter-organizational supply network can be acknowledged as a new form of organization. However, with the complicated interactions among the players, the network structure fits neither market nor hierarchy categories (Powell, 1990). It is not clear what kind of performance impacts different supply network structures could have on firms, and little is known about the coordination conditions and trade-offs that may exist among the players. From a systems perspective, a complex network structure can be decomposed into individual component firms (Zhang and Dilts, 2004). Traditionally, companies in a supply network concentrate on the inputs and outputs of the processes, with little concern for th